Abstract
Panax ginseng Mayer is a perennial herb that has been used as a medicinal plant in Eastern Asia for thousands of years. The aim of this study was to enhance root biomass and ginsenoside content in cultured adventitious roots by colchicine mutagenesis. Adventitious P. ginseng roots were treated with colchicine at different concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg·L−1) and for different durations (1, 2, and 3 days). Genetic variability of mutant lines was assessed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Ginsenoside biosynthesis gene expression, ginsenoside content, enzyme activities, and performance in bioreactor culture were assessed in four mutant lines (100–1-2, 100–1-18, 300–1-16, and 300–2-8). The results showed that ginsenoside productivity was enhanced in all mutant lines, with mutant 100–1-18 exhibiting the most pronounced increase (4.8-fold higher than the control). Expression of some ginsenoside biosynthetic enzymes was elevated in mutant lines. Enzyme activities varied among lines, and lipid peroxidation activity correlated with root biomass. All four lines were suitable for bioreactor cultivation, with mutant 100–1-18 exhibiting the highest biomass after culture scale-up. The results indicated that colchicine mutagenesis of P. ginseng roots increased biomass and ginsenosides production. This technique, and the root lines produced in this study, may be used to increase industrial yields of P. ginseng biomass and ginsenosides.
Highlights
Cultivation of plant cell tissues and organs is one of the most powerful tools available for research into plant propagation, crop development, production of valuable phytocompounds, and preservation of endangered plant species
Adventitious roots derived from calluses of 100-year-old wild ginseng (P. ginseng Mayer) roots were cultured in MS medium [25] supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 3% (w/v) sucrose
All the colchicine-treated adventitious root explants survived until eight weeks after treatment
Summary
Cultivation of plant cell tissues and organs is one of the most powerful tools available for research into plant propagation, crop development, production of valuable phytocompounds, and preservation of endangered plant species. In vitro plant materials accumulate genetic and epigenetic changes at high frequencies during long-term culture. Long periods of continuous subculture enhance somaclonal variation [1], which leads to changes in phenotypes such as plant size, yield, Agronomy 2020, 10, 785; doi:10.3390/agronomy10060785 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy. Somaclonal variation can lead to critical economic losses when plant cell and organ culture is used for biomass propagation and uniform plant germination [1]. Production of the primary bioactive compounds, ginsenosides (triterpenoid saponins), decreased after long-term continuous subculture of P. ginseng. Kiselev et al [7] showed that ginsenosides comprised only approximately
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