Abstract
The nature of off-axis undulator radiation is discussed. Of particular interest is coherent off-axis radiation, where the wavelengths of emission are longer than the electron bunch length. We show how this off-axis radiation may be used to measure relative electron bunch lengths. The theory is presented, and calculated spectra are presented in a number of cases of interest.
Highlights
For decades there has been interest in obtaining coherent radiation from relativistic free electrons
We investigate the possibility of obtaining coherent radiation by observing undulator radiation at an angle to the beam axis
Our study shows that it may be possible to use coherent, off-axis undulator radiation to determine the relative length of an electron bunch without intercepting or substantially deflecting the electron beam
Summary
For decades there has been interest in obtaining coherent radiation from relativistic free electrons. Our study shows that it may be possible to use coherent, off-axis undulator radiation to determine the relative length of an electron bunch without intercepting or substantially deflecting the electron beam. This characteristic makes the diagnostic useful even in cases where the beam quality is not well characterized or is unstable Another technique for determining bunch length by measuring coherent radiation is to use bending magnet radiation [21]. For an infinitely long undulator, we assume that all of the energy is radiated at the peak wavelength For small angles, this wavelength is much shorter than a bunch length. At a large enough angle, the peak wavelength may be longer than a bunch length In this case, the electrons radiate coherently, and the intensity of the radiation scales with the square of the number of electrons.
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