Abstract
Logic, in its general sense, is... only another name for semiotic ({semeiotike} ), the or formal, doctrine of signs. By describing the doctrine as quasi-necessary, or formal, I mean that we observe the characters of such signs as we know, and from such an observation, by a process which I will not object to naming Abstraction, we are led to statements, eminently fallible, and therefore in one sense by no means necessary, as to what must be the characters of all signs used by a scientific intelligence, that is to say, by an intelligence capable of learning by experience. As to that process of abstraction, it is itself a sort of observation... [The person] makes in his imagination a sort of skeleton diagram, or outline sketch..., considers what modifications the hypothetical state of things would require to be made in that picture, and then examines it, that is, observes what he has imagined... By such a process, which is at bottom very much like mathematical reasoning, we can reach conclusions as to what would be true of signs in all cases, so long as the intelligence using them was scientific. The modes of thought
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