Abstract
Cognitive impairment (CI) and metabolic abnormalities, including the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and sarcopenia, are more prevalent in COPD patients compared to controls without diagnosed lung disease. Because earlier studies have shown these metabolic abnormalities may affect cognitive performance, this study investigated whether cognitive performance is more impaired in subgroups of COPD patients with MetS or sarcopenia. Cognitive performance patterns of 170 COPD patients referred for pulmonary rehabilitation (53.5% male, 63.4±9.4 years, FEV1 54.5±22.7% predicted) were compared between COPD subgroups stratified by presence of MetS and sarcopenia. Cognitive performance was assessed using a detailed neuropsychological test battery, which measured psychomotor speed (Stroop Color-Word Test, Concept Shifting Test, Letter-Digit Substitution Test), planning (Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome), working memory (Visual-Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span), verbal memory (Visual-Verbal Learning Test) and cognitive flexibility (Stroop Color-Word Test, Concept Shifting Test). MetS was determined according to the NCEP ATP-III criteria. Sarcopenia was determined based on decreased appendicular lean mass by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and impaired physical performance by 6-min walking distance. MetS was observed in 54.7% and sarcopenia in 30.0% of COPD patients. The prevalence of general CI was not different between patients with and without MetS (30.4% and 39.0%, respectively) or those with and without sarcopenia (34.0% and 34.5%, respectively, both p>0.05). Domain-specific cognitive performance was not different between metabolic subgroups, but those with sarcopenia displayed a lower prevalence of CI on verbal memory than those without (21.7% and 29.7%, respectively, p=0.011). Only the digit span (working memory) subtest was significantly different between metabolic subgroups, in favor of those without MetS (p=0.017). Cognitive performance was not affected more in COPD patients with sarcopenia or MetS.
Highlights
AbbreviationsALM appendicular lean mass BADSBehavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive SyndromeBMI body mass indexblood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) blood oxygenation level dependentCognitive impairment (CI) cognitive impairmentCOPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasedual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) dual-energy x-ray absorptiometryFEV1 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) forced expiratory volume in the first second Global Initiative for ChronicObstructive Lung Disease
The study group consisted of 170 patients (53.5% male), aged 63.4 ± 9.4 years, with a BMI of 26.6 ± 5.6 kg/m2 and moderate to severe airflow obstruction (FEV1 54.5 ± 22.7% predicted)
The current study shows a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and sarcopenia in patients with COPD eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), than reported earlier in patients with COPD both in and outside of a PR context [1,48,49]
Summary
AbbreviationsALM appendicular lean mass BADSBehavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive SyndromeBMI body mass indexBOLD blood oxygenation level dependentCI cognitive impairmentCOPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseDEXA dual-energy x-ray absorptiometryFEV1 GOLD forced expiratory volume in the first second Global Initiative for ChronicObstructive Lung Disease. Cognitive impairment (CI) and metabolic abnormalities, including the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and sarcopenia, are more prevalent in COPD patients compared to controls without diagnosed lung disease. Because earlier studies have shown these metabolic abnormalities may affect cognitive performance, this study investigated whether cognitive performance is more impaired in subgroups of COPD patients with MetS or sarcopenia. Methods: Cognitive performance patterns of 170 COPD patients referred for pulmonary rehabilitation (53.5% male, 63.4 ± 9.4 years, FEV1 54.5 ± 22.7% predicted) were compared between COPD subgroups stratified by presence of MetS and sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was determined based on decreased appendicular lean mass by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and impaired physical performance by 6min walking distance. Domain-specific cognitive performance was not different between metabolic subgroups, but those with sarcopenia displayed a lower prevalence of CI on verbal memory than those without (21.7% and 29.7%, respectively, p 1⁄4 0.011). Conclusion: Cognitive performance was not affected more in COPD patients with sarcopenia or MetS
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