Abstract
The cognitive effect of Artemisia argyi H. under liquid-state fermentation by Monascus purpureus (AAFM), which has cellular antioxidant activity and neuronal cell viability, on trimethyltin- (TMT-) induced learning and memory impairment in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice was confirmed. Tests were conducted to determine the neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress, and the results showed that AAFM has protective effects through the repression of mitochondrial injury and cellular membrane damage against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity. In animal experiments, such as the Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests, AAFM also showed excellent ameliorating effects on TMT-induced cognitive dysfunction. After behavioral tests, brain tissues were extracted to assess damage to brain tissue. According to the experimental results, AAFM improved the cholinergic system by upregulating acetylcholine (ACh) contents and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. AAFM effectively improved the decline of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level and the increase of the oxidized glutathione (GSH) ratio and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA) production) caused by TMT-induced oxidative stress. The occurrence of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis was also decreased compared with the TMT group. Finally, quinic acid derivatives were identified as the major phenolic compounds in AAFM using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight (UPLC-Q-TOF) MS analysis.
Highlights
Artemisia argyi H. is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Chrysanthemum family, and it has been used as a drug in traditional medicine for a long time in China, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East
reactive oxygen species (ROS) can result in changes in the integrity and fluidity of the cell membrane, and increased oxidative stress is related to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [10, 16]
AAFM protected neuronal cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress. These results showed that the antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds from AAFM protected the cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress
Summary
Artemisia argyi H. is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Chrysanthemum family, and it has been used as a drug in traditional medicine for a long time in China, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East. Studies on Artemisia argyi H. have revealed its various biological functions, such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory [1, 2]. These results have proven that Artemisia argyi H. is a valuable material, but research using this plant is lacking. The current study suggests that microbial fermentation may offer an alternative to conventional extraction and hydrolysis methods through enzymatic hydrolysis. This technique can decrease solvent consumption, and it is more environmentally friendly. It is widely used to establish cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse models [9, 10]
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