Abstract
© 2017 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects and safety of interventions targeting cognition, emotion or both as the predominant underlying mechanism of effect to relieve breathlessness in adults suffering from advanced diseases.
Highlights
This protocol is partly based on suggested wording from the Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Review Group (PaPaS CRG)
Description of the condition Breathlessness or dyspnoea is defined as “subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity” (Meek 1999)
Since this definition was adopted, new evidence has led to better understanding of the mainly sensory and affective components and that dyspnoea “must generally be distinguished from signs that clinicians typically invoke as evidence of respiratory distress, such as tachypn(o)ea, use of accessory muscles, and intercostal retractions.” (Parshall 2012)
Summary
This protocol is partly based on suggested wording from the Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Review Group (PaPaS CRG). We will analyse non-pharmacological interventions targeting primarily cognition and/or emotion to relieve breathlessness in patients suffering from advanced stages of disease, for example distractive auditory stimuli (music), meditation/relaxation (e.g. visual or guided imagery; progressive muscle relaxation), biofeedback, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and psychological therapy (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy). These interventions may take place in a variety of settings, and can, with guidance of healthcare professionals, mostly be carried out by patients themselves (Figure 2). Based on the interventions used to target breathlessness, we decided to assess the interventions in different reviews
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