Cognitive dysfunction and symptoms of movement disorders in adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia

Abstract

Adult-onset leukoencephalopathies are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders that affect predominantly the cerebral white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical and neuroimaging-based approaches have been developed to improve diagnostic processes for adult-onset leukoencephalopathies. However, the differential diagnosis is often challenging. Recently, knowledge of the genetic basis of leukoencephalopathies has been accumulated rapidly, which provides powerful diagnostic approaches. The article provides an overview of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP), focusing on the clinical presentations of cognitive impairment and symptoms of movement disorders. ALSP is a subtype of dominantly inherited leukoencephalopathy caused by CSF1R mutations. ALSP typically develop in adulthood, with cognitive decline, psychiatric symptoms, and motor symptoms of movement disorders. Cognitive symptoms in ALSP are characterized by frontal lobe dysfunctions such as executive dysfunction, attention deficits and indifference. The cardinal motor symptoms of movement disorders ALSP were gait disturbance and bradykinesia, which may appear as the initial symptoms. Thus, ALSP should be recognized as both a cognitive disorder and a movement disorder.