Abstract
Older adults are particularly vulnerable to cognitive impairment with age, and gender differences are remarkable. However, there is very little evidence to identify both baseline cognitive and occupational gender differences prior to older adults’ retirement to design more efficient personalized cognitive interventions. This descriptive observational study examined gender differences in initial cognitive performance in 367 older adults with subjective memory complaints from a primary healthcare center in Zaragoza (Spain). To evaluate initial cognitive performance, the Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MEC-35) and the set test were used to measure verbal fluency. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated, and cognitive and occupational differences were analyzed per gender. Men had higher educational and occupational levels, were older and more of them were married (p < 0.001) than women. Regarding cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes and cerebrovascular accidents were more frequent in women, while hypercholesterolemia and obesity were more frequent in men (p < 0.001). High blood pressure was more frequent in women, but not significantly so (p = 0.639). Global cognition was higher in men (p < 0.001) for attention, calculation, and language (p < 0.001). Verbal fluency was higher in women, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.105). These results could be generalized to other health centers in the province and other Spanish autonomous communities as their sociodemographic variables are similar. Individualized interventions that adapt to gender, cognitive and initial occupational performance should be developed and adapted to elderly populations living in the general community to maintain their cognitive capacity and prevent their cognitive impairment and the social health costs this would imply.
Highlights
Aging is a complex, dynamic, continuous, and irreversible process that affects all living beings whose changes intensify with age [1]
This study addressed the research gap related to a previous therapeutic analysis, which should be performed before designing and applying any type of cognitive stimulation therapy with elderly populations living in the general community to prevent and revert cognitive impairment [27]
Regarding the CV risk factors, our study found that diabetes and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) were more frequent in men
Summary
Dynamic, continuous, and irreversible process that affects all living beings whose changes intensify with age [1]. As the world population ages and life expectancy prolongs, cognitive changes will present formidable challenges in the healthcare, social, and financial domains [3,4,5]. “successful” aging depends on maintaining optimal cognitive brain performance [6]. A certain degree of foreseeable brain impairment occurs with aging, significant cognitive impairment is not unavoidable and can be prevented [4,7] by environmental enrichment and cognitive training [8,9]. The cognitive functions most vulnerable to aging depend on the speed and efficiency of cognitive processing, such as working memory, executive tasks, and attention. Mnesic dysfunction has been the most studied because it is considered the most widespread cognitive alteration to occur during normal and pathologic aging [10]
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