Cognitive complaints in older adults: relationships between self and informant report, objective test performance, and symptoms of depression

Abstract

ABSTRACT This study explored the relationships between objective measures of cognitive functioning, self and informant reports of cognitive problems in daily life, and depression screening in older adults who had been referred because of reported or suspected cognitive changes. We used archival data from 100, predominantly White (97%), typically educated (M = 13.25 years), older adults (M = 70.38 years) who received an outpatient neuropsychological evaluation. We characterized the cognitive performance using the CVLT–II Total score. We characterized patient and collateral reports using the BRIEF–A MI index, a normed scale of cognitive problems in daily life. We also incorporated a depression screener (PHQ–9) into our analyses. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that only the informant reported problems in daily life, using the BRIEF–A MI index, was a significant predictor of objective cognitive deficits, as defined by CVLT–II Total scores. Self BRIEF–A MI index scores were not significant predictors of CVLT–II Total performance after we accounted for depression using the patient’s PHQ–9 score. Additionally, elevated depression widened the discrepancy between raters, with elevated depression associated with worsening sself-report scores compared to informant-reported scores. As informant-reported problems were the strongest predictor of cognitive deficits, we recommend routine collection of collateral informant reports in the neuropsychological evaluation of older adults referred for cognitive concerns. We also recommend incorporating self-ratings of daily life functioning and screening for depression to contextualize patient complaints and address their concerns, even in the absence of objective cognitive dysfunction.