Abstract
Context: Little is known about the role of testosterone and estradiol on cognition in healthy older men. Objective: The cognitive effects of increasing or lowering testosterone or estradiol were examined. Design: Cognition was assessed before and after 6 wk of double-blind placebo-controlled hormone modification. Setting: The study was conducted at an academic medical center. Participants: Healthy older (ages 60–80 yr) and younger men (ages 25–35 yr) were recruited from the community. Intervention: Men were randomized to one of four treatments: 1) maintain testosterone and estradiol at eugonadal levels for young men (GnRH agonist + testosterone gel); 2) block testosterone’s conversion to estradiol (GnRH agonist + testosterone gel + aromatase inhibitor); 3) induce hypogonadism (GnRH agonist alone); and 4) all placebo. Main Outcome Measures: Measures of executive function, memory, and spatial cognition were obtained before and after treatment. Hormone levels were obtained 10 times over the course of the stu...
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