Abstract
Although parrots often reproduce the sounds of human speech, 1 the general perception has been that such vocalizations are never meaningful. 2 The unsuccessful use of standard psychological training paradigms by American researchers (e.g., Mowrer; Grosslight & Zaynor) to teach birds to engage in referential communication s'4 further entrenched the perception of parrots as mindless mimics both in the public mind and also in the scientific literature.
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