Abstract
Waste from food production can be re-purposed as raw material for usable products to decrease industrial waste. Coffee pulp is 29% of the dry weight of coffee cherries and contains caffeine, chlorogenic acid, trigonelline, diterpenes and fibre. We investigated the attenuation of signs of metabolic syndrome induced by high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet in rats by dietary supplementation with 5% freeze-dried coffee pulp for the final 8 weeks of a 16-week protocol. Coffee pulp decreased body weight, feed efficiency and abdominal fat; normalised systolic blood pressure, left ventricular diastolic stiffness, and plasma concentrations of triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids; and improved glucose tolerance in rats fed high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet. Further, the gut microbiota was modulated with high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet and coffee pulp supplementation and 14 physiological parameters were correlated with the changes in bacterial community structures. This study suggested that coffee pulp, as a waste from the coffee industry, is useful as a functional food for improving obesity-associated metabolic, cardiovascular and liver structure and function, and gut microbiota.
Highlights
Coffee is an important agricultural commodity, with an average price of 141 US cents/lb in June 2021 [1]
The caffeine, chlorogenic acid, phenolic acids, trigonelline and diterpenes doses were higher in corn starch diet-fed rats treated with coffee pulp (CCP) than in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats (HCP)
Diet and coffee pulp supplementation were associated with changes in bacterial community structures of gut microbiota
Summary
Coffee is an important agricultural commodity, with an average price of 141 US cents/lb in June 2021 [1]. Coffee production is a multi-step process including six low-technology steps of pulping, fermentation, drying, hulling, roasting, grinding [3,4]. These processes generate over 20 million tonnes of liquid and solid waste each year, as the yield of green coffee is about 150–200 kg/tonne of coffee cherry [5], causing environmental pollution in rural areas with limited opportunities to remediate this waste [6]. Coffee waste includes coffee pulp, which represents 29% of the weight of the whole berry [9]. This pulp has long been considered as a substitute but usually inferior food for monogastric animals, poultry, and ruminants [10]
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