Abstract
Coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of several diseases but uncertainty remains about the influence of coffee consumption on the risk of dementia. We performed a dose-response meta-analysis to summarize the prospective data on coffee consumption and associated risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. We identified studies by searching PubMed (from January 1966) and Web of Science (from January 1945) through 4 October 2018 and by scrutinizing the reference lists of pertinent publications. Two researchers independently reviewed the literature. Results were combined using a restricted cubic spline random-effects dose-response meta-analysis based on a one-stage approach. Eight relevant prospective studies were identified. These studies included 7486 dementia cases diagnosed among 328,885 individuals during an average follow-up of 4.9–25 years. Meta-analysis of all eight studies indicated no statistically significant association between coffee consumption and the risk of dementia and no deviations from a linear trend (p = 0.08). The relative risk of dementia per 1 cup/day increment of coffee consumption was 1.01 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.05; p = 0.37). Meta-analysis of five studies that focused on Alzheimer’s disease revealed no association between coffee consumption and Alzheimer’s disease and no deviations from a linear trend (p = 0.79). The relative risk of Alzheimer’s disease per 1 cup/day increment of coffee consumption was 1.01 (95% confidence interval 0.95–1.07; p = 0.80). These results do not support an association between coffee consumption and an increased risk of overall dementia or Alzheimer’s disease specifically, but further research on the association of coffee consumption with dementia risk is needed.
Highlights
Dementia is an increasing global health concern due to the aging population
Eight prospective studies that examined the association of coffee consumption with the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and/or all-cause dementia were eligible for inclusion in the current meta-analysis [17,18,19,28,29,30,31,32]
Three studies reporting results on coffee consumption and AD risk were non-eligible for inclusion in this dose-response meta-analysis because results were not reported in different
Summary
Dementia is an increasing global health concern due to the aging population. Globally, about50 million individuals had dementia in 2015 and this number is projected to increase to 132 million by 2050 [1]. Dementia is an increasing global health concern due to the aging population. 50 million individuals had dementia in 2015 and this number is projected to increase to 132 million by 2050 [1]. The predominant cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which accounts for an estimated 60% or more of all cases [2]. The identification of modifiable factors that can reduce the incidence of dementia is of high priority. Evidence from observational studies indicates that coffee consumption may lower the risk of several diseases, including diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease, certain cancers, Parkinson’s disease and gout [3,4,5,6,7]. Coffee is the primary source of caffeine in most populations and contains phenolics and other bioactive compounds with potential beneficial or adverse effects on health.
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