Coffee Consumption and Prostate Cancer Risk: Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010 and Mendelian Randomization Analyses.

Menghua Wang,Chi Yuan,Xi Jin,Zhongyu Jian,Kunjie Wang,Hong Li

doi:10.3390/nu13072317

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the association between coffee and prostate cancer. Firstly, we conducted an observational study using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2010. Coffee intake was derived from 24 h dietary recalls. Weighted multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association. Then, we performed Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the possible causal effect of coffee on prostate cancer risk. Primary and secondary genetic instruments were obtained from genome-wide association studies among 375,833 and 91,462 individuals separately. Prostate cancer summary statistics were extracted from Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer-Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL) (79,194 cases and 61,112 controls) and FinnGen project (4754 cases and 63,465 controls). Inverse variance weighted (IVW) was the primary analytical method. Through selection, we enrolled 8336 individuals (weighted number = 58,796,070) for our observational study in NHANES. Results suggested that there was no association between coffee and prostate cancer. MR analyses with primary genetic instruments also did not support a causal association between coffee intake and prostate cancer risk, whether using summary data from PRACTICAL (IVW: OR 1.001, 95% CI 0.997–1.005) or FinnGen (IVW: OR 1.005, 95% CI 0.998–1.012). Similar results were observed when using secondary genetic instruments. Therefore, our study did not support a causal association between coffee intake and prostate cancer risk. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to examine if an association exists by different coffee bean types, roasting procedures, and brewing methods.

Highlights

Prostate cancer is the most common solid-organ tumor among men in the developed countries and the second most common worldwide [1]
We used six consecutive National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) two-year cycles (1999–2010) in total since participants responded to the questions of “Have you ever been told by a doctor or health professional that you have prostate cancer?” in these six cycles
Applying secondary genetic instruments to PRACTICAL prostate cancer summary statistics, pooled odds ratio (OR) for cups/day coffee consumption was 1.05 when using Inverse variance weighted (IVW)

Summary

Introduction

Prostate cancer is the most common solid-organ tumor among men in the developed countries and the second most common worldwide [1]. 248,530 new prostate cancer cases, and 34,130 will die from it in 2021 in the United States (US) [2]. Recent studies point out that various diet and nutrition factors might be involved in the progression or suppression of prostate cancer [4], among which coffee has aroused researchers’ interest. Coffee contains hundreds of biologically active substances related to multiple health outcomes like all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer [6]. Several observational studies pointed out that coffee intake might reduce prostate cancer risk [7,8]. Conventional observational studies were susceptible to biases like reverse causation and residual confounding [9]

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Methods

Conclusion