Coffee arabica-derived copper nanoparticles: A potent larvicidal agent against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Abstract

Mosquito-borne diseases, such as those transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, are a major public health concern. This study examined the larvicidal activity of Coffee arabica-mediated copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. CuNPs were synthesized from Coffee arabica extract and characterized using advanced techniques such as UV spectroscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction. The extract contained bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. Green coffee had higher total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid capacity (TFC) than roasted coffee. Green coffee extract exhibited stronger antioxidant activity and lower IC50 values compared to roasted coffee extract. The larvicidal effects of green and roasted Coffee arabica extracts were assessed. Green Coffee arabica had LC50 and LC90 concentrations of 124.5 ppm and 456.5 ppm, respectively, while roasted Coffee arabica had concentrations of 73.5 ppm and 371.5 ppm. CuNPs at concentrations of 2 to 100 ppm resulted in LC50 and LC90 concentrations of 5.796 ppm and 36.595 ppm. The synthesized CuNPs demonstrated concentration-dependent mortality, with lower LC50 values compared to coffee extracts alone. Histological analysis showed tissue degradation in treated larvae, particularly in the head region. Copper nanoparticles had a detrimental effect on Artemia salina larvae, with higher concentrations leading to increased mortality. The LC50 and LC90 values for Artemia salina were determined as 344.3 ppm and 1073.2 ppm, respectively. Overall, Coffee arabica-mediated copper nanoparticles displayed potent larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, indicating their potential use in eco-friendly mosquito control strategies.