Abstract

We used a total of 589 independent photos of three species — the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and North China leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis) — from 81 camera traps to study coexistence of those sympatric carnivores. We computed an occupancy model and ran single-season and two-species models to examine patterns in occupancy, detection and coexistence. Our study revealed simultaneous presence of red foxes and leopards both in space and in time. Leopard cats and leopards avoided each other, and red foxes and leopard cats coexisted particularly at night. Vegetation cover was found to be the most important factor in candidate models for site occupation.

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