Codification and description of phenological growth stages of sapota (Manilkara zapota) according to the extended BBCH scale

Abstract

Sapota (Manilkara zapota) is an important evergreen fruit crop cultivated in the tropics with a high market potential. However its phenology has been poorly described. The present study defines codes and phenological stages of sapota according to the extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale using three-digit numerical system. A total of 7 principal growth stages, viz., bud, leaf and shoot development, reproductive development, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturation have been described. In addition, 41 secondary growth stages have also been described. The description of the phenological stages is combined with illustrations for clarification. Moreover, the sequential progression of principal growth stages has been presented to describe growth pattern and climatic requirements for different phases. The extended BBCH scale for sapota is broadly applicable because it describes all the phenophases pertaining to vegetative and reproductive stages and their relative importance in crop management and crop improvement. The study will act as a tool for adoption of better crop management practices (nutrient management, flower and fruit drop management, irrigation scheduling, monitoring and management of pests and timely harvest of fruits), crop improvement, characterization of germplasm and impact assessment of climate change on phenology.