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Abstract
More connectivity, higher data rates, more reliability, massive network capacity, higher performance and fewer delays are required in the fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks. The last ten years have contained explosive growth in mobile data traffic due to the rapid proliferation of Internet-connected smart devices. For 5G mobile and wireless networks, one of the challenges is to discover how to solve the dilemma between capacity requirements and spectrum shortage. Millimeter-wave communication is therefore a key enabler for 5G technologies. Due to the high path and penetration losses at millimeter wavelengths, antenna beamforming assumes a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining a robust communication link. Recently, codebook-based beamforming has been proposed to achieve a fair balance between complexity and performance and to eliminate the overheads. In this paper, we track the techniques of codebook-based beamforming for millimeter-wave communications in the context of the distinct requirements for low-mobility channel and high-mobility channel scenarios. Subsequently, we will provide a comparison of existing codebook-based beamforming techniques in terms of their respective benefits and shortcomings. Finally, some open directions of research are discussed, and challenges that need to be met are pointed out.
Highlights
BackgroundII.A Codebook-based Beamforming Concepts II.B Difference Between Low Mobility Channel and High
5G technologies promise faster connections, lower latency, higher reliability, more capacity and wider coverage [1]
SH U ck,i where S is the beam selector. It can be designed based on the AoDs during the angle coherence time [72], ck,i represents the large-dimensional vectors in the channel subspace and U is the spatial-domain discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix, k designs the index of the user and i = 1, ...2B is the index of the codeword
Summary
II.A Codebook-based Beamforming Concepts II.B Difference Between Low Mobility Channel and High. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive survey that describes and compares codebook designs and beam selection techniques for mmWave communication systems in both low- and high-mobility does not exist in the literature. This article fills this gap by containing a comprehensive up-to-date survey of research in these domains. This survey goes beyond these previous studies and covers a wide range of codebook-based beamforming techniques that have not been explicitly discussed in earlier surveys Unlike such existing surveys, we review the MIMO architectures, evaluation parameters against the SNR range, MSE, data rate, and key concepts. X denotes the ceiling function and mod (x, y) refers to the remainder after x is divided by y
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