Coconut based multiple cropping systems: An analytical review in Sri Lankan coconut cultivations

Abstract

Coconut (<italic>Cocos nucifera</italic> L.) is a gift of nature and is cultivated worldwide because of its multiple uses. Based on the morphological characteristics of the coconut tree, when coconut is grown as a monocrop, land use efficiency is very low. According to previous findings, coconut monocropping planting systems and growth habits effectively used only 22% of the land area, while canopy space utilization was around 30%, and solar radiation was around 45%. Growing coconut along with a variety of other crops is a common practice in most coconut-growing regions to maximize land use efficiency. More than 100 different crops and systems have been identified that can be grown as intercrops with coconut cultivations. When growing intercrops in coconut plantations, the following factors need to be considered; the age of the coconut palms, water availability, shade of understory, soil characteristics, the slope of the land, labor availability, market demand, economic status of the grower, and social characteristics. This article discusses the significance and potential of intercropping and multiple-cropping systems appropriate for various coconut stands. The findings highlight an overview of profitable and sustainable intercrop species for coconut farming, as well as the benefits, constraints, and opportunities associated with various multiple-cropping systems. Finally, the study provides future research directions for the successful adaptation of coconut-based multiple cropping systems.