Cocaine: A problem of the head and the heart

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To investigate an association between sex hormones and inflammatory cytokines, and to determine whether baseline 17-β-estradiol (E2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are associated with visual field (VF) progression in postmenopausal women with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG).A prospective cross-sectional and cohort study.The cross-sectional study enrolled 200 postmenopausal women with PACG and 151 healthy postmenopausal women as normal control subjects. A total of 105 postmenopausal women with PACG were included and followed up for ≥2 years in the cohort study.All participants were evaluated for levels of baseline sex hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, progesterone, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and E2) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and C-reactive protein) and underwent VF examinations. The cross-sectional study was conducted to establish risk factors for postmenopausal women with PACG using logistic regression analysis. The cohort study was designed to identify factors that could be used to predict VF progression in postmenopausal women with PACG using multivariate Cox regression analyses. The main outcome measures included factors associated with VF progression over time.Decreased E2 (odds ratio 0.88 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.78-0.99], P = .007) and increased IL-8 (odds ratio 1.12 [95% CI 1.01-1.23], P < .001) levels were risk factors in postmenopausal women with PACG. A significant negative correlation was observed between IL-8 levels and E2 (r = −0.21, P = .02). Multivariable regression analyses revealed a significant correlation between E2 levels and visual field mean deviation (MD) (B = −0.16, P = .04 [95% CI −.09 to −.003) and between IL-8 levels and MD (B = 0.36, P < .001 [95% CI 0.01-0.02]). During follow-up, 48 (45.71%) patients showed VF progression. Lower baseline E2 (hazard ratio 0.85 [95% CI 0.82-0.88], P = .04) and higher baseline IL-8 levels (hazard ratio 1.01 [95% CI 1.00-1.02], P = .004) were associated with progression of glaucoma. Patients with lower E2 levels had a significantly higher rate of PACG progression (log-rank test P < .001), similar to those with higher IL-8 levels (log-rank test P = .04).Decreased E2 and increased IL-8 levels at baseline are significant predictors of VF progression in postmenopausal women with PACG.