Abstract
Surface roughness on orthopedic implant materials has been shown to be highly influential on the behavior of osteogenic cells. Mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPCs) migrate to the interface, adhere, proliferate, and differentiate into osteoblasts, which subsequently form bone matrix. Modifications of the implant surfaces should accelerate this process and improve biocompatibility. In this study, five surface topographies on cobalt chromium molybdenum (CoCrMo) were engineered to examine the influence on MSPCs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant differences in the morphology of untreated CoCrMo discs in comparison with CoCrMo with a titanium nitride (TiN) coating, polished and porous coated CoCrMo surfaces, and CoCrMo with a pure titanium (cpTi) coating. Elemental analysis was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Human primary MSPCs were expanded from tissue samples of spongiosa bone and characterized according to the criteria of the International Society for Cellular Therapy. The characteristic phenotype of MSPC was confirmed by flow cytometry and multilineage differentiation. Alcaline phosphatase and osteopontin expression increased significantly in all groups about 5-fold and 10-fold, respectively, in comparison to the undifferentiated controls. The porous coated surface showed a reduced expression of osteogenic markers. Due to the osteogenic differentiation, the expression of integrin α5β1, which is particularly important for cell-material contact, increased 4–7-fold. In the dynamic process of bone biology, MSPCs cultured and differentiated on cpTi, showed significant upregulation of IL6 and leptin.
Highlights
Cobalt chromium molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloys are a class of bioactive materials widely used in orthopedic implants such as artificial hip and knee joints due to their corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical properties [1]
We investigated the effect of titanium nitride (TiN) coating, a porous coated surface, a polished surface, and a coating with pure titanium on a cobalt chromium molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy regarding the osteogenesis of primary human mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPCs), the expression of 13 osteogenic and inflammatory markers, and the changes of the integrin α5β1 state
The special coating process of vacuum plasma spraying with pure titanium resulted in a structured surface with rounded elements
Summary
Cobalt chromium molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloys are a class of bioactive materials widely used in orthopedic implants such as artificial hip and knee joints due to their corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical properties [1]. The osseointegration of prostheses in humans requires a period of several months [2] Various factors such as implant design and implant material, surgical technique, biomechanical forces, and patient variables are responsible for the osseous integration of the implant. Surface modification techniques such as surface plasma-spraying, polishing, sandblasting, acid etching, and bioactive coatings have been identified as a potential approach to improve osseointegration [3,4,5]. Improved corrosion resistance and osseointegration and reduced ion release was achieved by coatings using plasma spray technology with pure titanium (cpTi) [7,8]
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