Cobalt and Chromium Measurement in Patients with Metal Hip Prostheses

Abstract

Approximately 1 million metal-on-metal (MoM)6 hip prostheses have been implanted worldwide to alleviate pain, restore hip function, and improve overall quality of life. These implants contain femoral and acetabular bearing surfaces that are typically composed predominantly of cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr). Although the majority of MoM hip replacements have been successful, multiple recent reports have documented markedly increased Co and Cr concentrations in the joint synovial fluid, periprosthetic tissue, blood, and even peripheral tissues of some patients with MoM hip prostheses. Consequently, concerns have been raised about the physiological consequences of metal release from MoM hip prostheses into the periprosthetic tissue and systemic circulation. Co and Cr concentrations in the serum and hip joint fluid correlate with the degree of MoM implant wear and are increased in individuals with an accumulation of metal debris in the periprosthetic tissue. Therefore, some scientists have suggested that Co and Cr concentrations be routinely measured during the management of patients with MoM hip prostheses. In this Q&A article, 4 experts provide their opinions on the use of MoM hip prostheses, the adverse biological consequences of metal release, and the clinical utility of Co and Cr measurements. They also discuss the methodology used to assess the concentration of these metal ions and provide insight into the many challenges associated with Co and Cr measurement. What are the advantages of MoM hip prostheses over other types of implants? Catherine Van Der Straeten: MoM was reintroduced as a bearing surface for hip arthroplasty to solve the problem of particle-induced osteolysis secondary to polyethylene wear. In vitro hip-simulator studies demonstrated much less volumetric wear and much smaller particles with MoM compared to metal-on-polyethylene (MoP). This finding was confirmed in vivo with high-carbon alloy MoM 28-mm and 32-mm total hip arthroplasty (THA). The use of larger-diameter femoral …