Abstract
The present study aspires towards fabricating core-sheath fibrous scaffolds by state-of-the-art pressurized gyration for bone tissue engineering applications. The core-sheath fibers comprising dual-phase poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) core and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sheath are fabricated using a novel "co-axial" pressurized gyration method. Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals are embedded in the sheath of the fabricated scaffolds to improve the performance for application as a bone tissue regeneration material. The diameter of the fabricated fiber is 3.97 ± 1.31 µm for PCL-PVA/3%HA while pure PCL-PVA with no HA loading gives 3.03 ± 0.45 µm. Bead-free fiber morphology is ascertained for all sample groups. The chemistry, water contact angle and swelling behavior measurements of the fabricated core-sheath fibrous scaffolds indicate the suitability of the structures in cellular activities. Saos-2 bone osteosarcoma cells are employed to determine the biocompatibility of the scaffolds, wherein none of the scaffolds possess any cytotoxicity effect, while cell proliferation of 94% is obtained for PCL-PVA/5%HA fibers. The alkaline phosphatase activity results suggest the osteogenic activities on the scaffolds begin earlier than day 7. Overall, adaptations of co-axial pressurized gyration provides the flexibility to embed or encapsulate bioactive substances in core-sheath fiber assemblies and is a promising strategy for bone healing.
Highlights
Bone is an indispensable part of the human musculoskeletal system that attaches muscles, ligaments, and tendons for locomotive action.[1]
The autografts and allografts techniques are considered to be a gold-standard treatment for large bone alkaline phosphatase activity results suggest the osteogenic activities on the defects but they suffer from limitations scaffolds begin earlier than day 7
The current study aimed to develop multi-material polymer fibers for bone tissue engineering using co-axial pressurised gyration
Summary
Bone is an indispensable part of the human musculoskeletal system that attaches muscles, ligaments, and tendons for locomotive action.[1]. Core-sheath fibrous scaffolds made with two different polymer phases provide the relevant properties for a tissue engineering scaffold, making it attractive for such applications.[19] In addition, combining these scaffolds with particulate material like nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) enhances the osteoconductive property which is a prerequisite for new bone formation.[20] Further, the osteo-inductive property could be tuned into these scaffolds by embedding and encapsulating growth factors like bone morphogenic protein (BMPs) and connective tissue growth factors (CTGFs).[21] The vascularization potential is considered to be another crucial factor for successful bone repair that could be achieved by incorporating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the compartmentalized core-sheath fibrous scaffolds.[22] These scaffolds could be utilized as orthopaedic implants to promote osseointegration and prevent bacterial colonization by sustained release of antibiotics within the fibers.[23] the controlled release of adenosine enclosed in the sheath structure facilitates the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal progenitor cells (BMSCs) and promotes bone regeneration.[24]. Most methods of fiber forming do not consider the fact that the functional properties are only necessary in a thin surface layer This method of core-sheath pressurised gyration, amenable to scale up and economical mass production/manufacturing delivers exactly that. This is a platform technology which can be used in any such biomedical engineering functional scenario such as very topical (pandemic) antimicrobial surface activity
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