Abstract
A wind measurement campaign using a single scanning light detection and ranging (LiDAR) device was conducted at the Hazaki Oceanographical Research Station (HORS) on the Hazaki coast of Japan to evaluate the performance of the device for coastal wind measurements. The scanning LiDAR was deployed on the landward end of the HORS pier. We compared the wind speed and direction data recorded by the scanning LiDAR to the observations obtained from a vertical profiling LiDAR installed at the opposite end of the pier, 400 m from the scanning LiDAR. The best practice for offshore wind measurements using a single scanning LiDAR was evaluated by comparing results from a total of nine experiments using several different scanning settings. A two-parameter velocity volume processing (VVP) method was employed to retrieve the horizontal wind speed and direction from the radial wind speed. Our experiment showed that, at the current offshore site with a negligibly small vertical wind speed component, the accuracy of the scanning LiDAR wind speeds and directions was sensitive to the azimuth angle setting, but not to the elevation angle setting. In addition to the validations for the 10-minute mean wind speeds and directions, the application of LiDARs for the measurement of the turbulence intensity (TI) was also discussed by comparing the results with observations obtained from a sonic anemometer, mounted at the seaward end of the HORS pier, 400 m from the scanning LiDAR. The standard deviation obtained from the scanning LiDAR measurement showed a greater fluctuation than that obtained from the sonic anemometer measurement. However, the difference between the scanning LiDAR and sonic measurements appeared to be within an acceptable range for the wind turbine design. We discuss the variations in data availability and accuracy based on an analysis of the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) distribution and the goodness of fit for curve fitting via the VVP method.
Highlights
The global offshore wind energy market has been continuously growing with 4.5 GW of new wind turbines installed in the year of 2018, bringing the total cumulative installations to 23 GW [1]
Offshore wind energy, which currently represents a global share of four percent of the total cumulative wind power generation, is significantly smaller compared to the onshore wind market, offshore wind has huge potential and is poised to grow with a stable addition from Europe and significant contributions from the emerging markets of Asia
The current work aims to investigate the performance of a scanning Doppler light detection and ranging (LiDAR) for wind resource assessment in the nearshore region, which is considered promising for the development of fixed-bottom offshore wind farms
Summary
The global offshore wind energy market has been continuously growing with 4.5 GW of new wind turbines installed in the year of 2018, bringing the total cumulative installations to 23 GW [1]. Accurate characterization of the coastal wind is crucial In this regard, Shimada et al [7] conducted measurements using two profiling LiDARs at the landward and seaward ends near the coast and found that the wind speeds could increase by up to 120% at a distance of 2 km off the coast. Shimada et al [7] conducted measurements using two profiling LiDARs at the landward and seaward ends near the coast and found that the wind speeds could increase by up to 120% at a distance of 2 km off the coast They showed that the differences between the onshore and offshore winds were less pronounced at higher altitudes. We conducted an offshore wind measurement campaign with a single scanning Doppler LiDAR installed at a coast in central Japan.
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