Abstract
To achieve sustainability, it is necessary to use proper treatment methods to reduce the pollutant loads of receiving waters. This study investigates the coagulative reduction of turbidity, COD, BOD and colour from aquaculture wastewater (AW) using a novel Garcinia kola seeds coagulant (GKC). This coagulant was obtained from extraction of Garcinia kola seeds and analysed for its spectral and morphological characteristics through FTIR and SEM. The kinetics of coagulation-flocculation were also investigated in terms of total dissolved and suspended solids (TDSP). The seeds had 11.27% protein and 68.33% carbohydrate, showing usability in adsorption/charges neutralisation as a coagulant to reduce particles. Maximal turbidity reduction = 81.93%, COD = 75.03%, BOD = 72.84% and colour = 56.69% at 0.3 g GKC/L, pH 2, 60 min and 303 K were achieved. Von Smoluchowski’s second-order peri-kinetics theory was used to fit the results, giving R2 > 0.9. At a coagulation order (α) of 2, the reaction rate (KC) and half-life (τS1/2) were 0.0003 L/g·min and 25.3 min at the optimal conditions. The sorption data better fit the Lagergren compared to the Ho adsorption model. Furthermore, the net cost of using GKC to handle 1 L of AW (including electricity and material costs) was calculated to be 1.57 EUR, and the costs of 0.3 g/L GKC preparation and energy were 0.27 and 1.30 EUR, respectively. In summary, these seeds can be used to pre-treat AW.
Highlights
Unused feedstuff, faeces and biological floc leeched off culture facility surfaces and containers provide biosolids in fish processing systems [1,2,3]
The high protein content of 11.7%, the carbohydrate content of 68.33% and the coagulant yield of 80.46% are a sign of the probability of the seeds being good active coagulants in the treatment of aquaculture wastewater (AW) [17,32]
Bridging is a coagulation process that happens when threads or fibres from coagulants are applied to numerous colloids, trapping and connecting them [11,34]
Summary
Faeces and biological floc leeched off culture facility surfaces and containers provide biosolids in fish processing systems [1,2,3]. All aquaculture locations inject wastes into the receiving ecosystem as a point means of pollution [4]; as a result, the key benefit of aquaculture is that wastewater treatment can reduce the overall concentration of dissolved pollutant particles [4]. Aquaculture waste depends on the feed composition and feeding technology. It is important to know the system that is applied for aquaculture production and the composition of wastewater generated by the particular fish production facility for the development of any technology for its effluent treatment [7]. The primary benefit of aquaculture is that wastewater treatment can lower the overall load of dissolved nutrients and particulates [3]. Aquaculture effluents have been handled by researchers using different conventional water mitigation procedures, including physical processes such as sand and mechanical filters, and aerobic/anaerobic processes
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