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Abstract
For the first time, the synthesis, characterization, and analytical application for hydrogen peroxide quantification of the hybrid materials of Co2TiO4 (CTO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is reported, using in situ (CTO/RGO) and ex situ (CTO+RGO) preparations. This synthesis for obtaining nanostructured CTO is based on a one-step hydrothermal synthesis, with new precursors and low temperatures. The morphology, structure, and composition of the synthesized materials were examined using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), neutron powder diffraction (NPD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Rietveld refinements using neutron diffraction data were conducted to determine the cation distributions in CTO. Hybrid materials were also characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller adsorption isotherms, Scanning Electron microscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy. From an analytical point of view, we evaluated the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide on glassy carbon electrodes modified with hybrid materials. The analytical detection of hydrogen peroxide using CTO/RGO showed 11 and 5 times greater sensitivity in the detection of hydrogen peroxide compared with that of pristine CTO and RGO, respectively, and a two-fold increase compared with that of the RGO+CTO modified electrode. These results demonstrate that there is a synergistic effect between CTO and RGO that is more significant when the hybrid is synthetized through in situ methodology.
Highlights
The carbon-based nanomaterial (CBNM)–inorganic oxide hybrid materials induce an additional electrochemical catalytic ability and may provide further functionalization ability. Many examples of these hybrid materials can be found in the literature, where CBNMs are combined with metal nanomaterials [16,17], oxides such as Fe3O4, MnO2, Ni(OH)2, ZnO, SnO2, Co(OH)2, and TiO2 [18,19,20,21,22,23], and chalcogenides such as CdS, CdSe, and MoS2 [24]
Sensors based on carbon–inorganic oxide composites need (i) the inorganic phase to remain stable in ambient conditions without any structural change, (ii) metal species with more than one oxidation state, and (iii) need to be good conductors of charge carriers [25]
A higher capacitance value for the CTO/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hybrid was related to an increased coupling between both nanomaterials; this increased interaction facilitated the transfer of charge and improved the electrochemical activity, which is reflected in the lower resistance (Rct)
Summary
Nanomaterial technology has grown, in particular driven by the special properties of nanomaterials [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. The CBNM–inorganic oxide hybrid materials induce an additional electrochemical catalytic ability and may provide further functionalization ability Many examples of these hybrid materials can be found in the literature, where CBNMs are combined with metal nanomaterials (mainly Au, Ag, Pd, and Pt) [16,17], oxides such as Fe3O4, MnO2, Ni(OH), ZnO, SnO2, Co(OH), and TiO2 [18,19,20,21,22,23], and chalcogenides such as CdS, CdSe, and MoS2 [24]. In CBNM–inorganic oxide hybrids for sensors, distribution of the inorganic phase and carbon-based material on the surface is important for optimal chemical performance of the as-prepared electrode, so their synthesis must consider several factors. We determine the catalytic effect of these materials for hydrogen peroxide reduction and their application in the electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in real samples
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