Co-regulating the pore structure and surface chemistry of sludge-based biochar for high–performance deodorization of gaseous dimethyl disulfide

Abstract

A straightforward and eco-friendly preparation method for porous sludge biochar (SBA-3) was developed to deodorize gaseous dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) using ion exchange to adjust micropore structures coupled with carboxyl functionalization. Compared with the unmodified sludge biochar SBA-1 and SBA-2 treated with ion exchange, the pore size of SBA-3 decreased accompanied with increasing specific surface area and micropore volume. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area and micropore volume were 176.35 m2 g−1 and 0.0314 cm³ g−1, which were 2.02 and 1.71-fold larger than those of SBA-2, as well as 20.60 and 78.5-fold larger than those of SBA-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the amount of –COOH on the surface of SBA-3 increased from 0.425 to 1.123 mmol g−1, which was 2.64-fold larger than that of SBA-1. The adsorption behavior between DMDS and SBA-3 could be well described by the quasi-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 35.12 mg g−1 at 303 K. Thermodynamic and DFT calculations indicated that the adsorption of DMDS on SBA-3 was exothermic with the deodorization mechanisms involving pore filling and chemisorption.