Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is often accompanied by other symptoms and syndromes. The two best-known co-morbidities are Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but also other conditions like rage-attacks, depression, and sleeping disturbances are frequent in persons with TS. Both in clinical cohorts and in population-based cohorts the prevalence of co-morbidities is high. The presence of co-morbid ADHD and/or OCD has an impact on psychosocial, educational, and neuropsychological consequences of TS and it is associated with higher rates of other co-morbid disorders, like rage, anxiety, and conduct disorders. The symptoms of a co-morbid disorder might appear prior to the time that tics reach clinical attention. The TS phenotype probably changes during the course of the disease. The exact aetiology of the co-occurrence of co-morbid disorders and TS is not known, but they probably all are neurotransmitter disorders. European guidelines recommend first-choice pharmacological treatment, but randomised double-blinded trials are needed. Professionals need to be aware of the close relationship between TS and co-morbidities in order to give the patients the right treatment and support.
Highlights
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a hereditary, chronic, neurobiological disease, characterized by the presence of motor and vocal tics
Professionals need to be aware of the close relationship between TS and co-morbidities in order to give the patients the right treatment and support
70% did not have either of these two major coexisting conditions. These data suggest that TS individuals in the general population, compared with those seen in specialty clinics, may be more likely to have an isolated tic disorder without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Summary
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a hereditary, chronic, neurobiological disease, characterized by the presence of motor and vocal tics. The prevalence, impact, course, and treatment of co-morbidities as well as the aetiology will be discussed
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