Cáncer de vejiga

Abstract

Bladder cancer is the ninth most frequent neoplasm in the world and the most frequent urinary tract cancer. The most important risk factor is tobacco use in addition to environmental exposure to carcinogens. The most habitual symptom is hematuria. Nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer includes stages pTa and pT1, although they are two entities with different clinical courses. Their treatment involves transurethral resection (TUR) of the bladder and, depending on the risk stratification, adjuvant intravesical instillation of chemotherapy or immunotherapy as well. Nonmetastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer is treated with a radical cystectomy and administration of perioperative cisplatin-based chemotherapy. In select cases, multimodal treatment for bladder preservation is an alternative. In metastatic disease, treatment is based on cisplatin-based chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and other new tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) agents and conjugated antibodies.