Abstract
The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) [1]. The expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been extensively studied as predictive biomarker for patients receiving ICIs. However, results in clinical RCC trials concerning the predictive value of PD-L1 expression were highly controversial [2]. In the Checkmate 214 trial [3], patients with PD-L1 positivity were found to benefit most from ICI combination. On the contrary, PD-L1 expression was not found to be predictive for nivolumab in the 2nd line setting [4]. Thus, all ICIs (combination and monotherapy) were approved in mRCC, irrespective of PD-L1 status.
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