Abstract
Objective: Compare the clustering of LBRs between urban and rural Algerian adolescents. Design: Data of this cross-sectional study was derived from the Global School-based Health Survey (GSHS). A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was filled out by 4532 adolescents (11–16 years), which addressed LBRs of NCDs. Life style behavioral risk factors (LBRs) clustering was measured by the ratios of observed (O) and expected (E) prevalence of one or more simultaneously occurring LBRs for urban and rural areas separately. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine the association of LBRs as dependent variable with demographic variables (location, age, gender). Results: The most common LBR was physical inactivity (84.6%: 50.9% for urban and 49.1% for rural). Adolescents in urban areas had a higher prevalence of two (56.8% vs. 43.2%) and three and more (61.3% vs. 38.7%) LBRs than in rural areas. In urban areas, a significant positive association was found between (low fruit and vegetable consumption + physical inactivity) [2.06 (1.61–2.64)] and (high SB + smoking) [2.10 (1.54–2.76)], while (physical inactivity + high SB) [0.70 (0.54–0.91)] showed a significant negative association. In rural areas, (high SB + overweight/obesity) [1.49 (1.09–2.04)] had a significant positive association. While, (low fruit and vegetable consumption + high SB) [0.75 (0.60–0.94)], (physical inactivity + high SB) [0.65 (0.49–0.86)], and (physical inactivity + smoking) [0.70 (0.49–0.99)] had a negative association. Conclusions: Several socio-demographic factors have been identified to play a role in LBRs clustering among Algerian adolescents. Results of the study suggest the development of intervention aiming to tackle different LBRs rather than focusing on a single LBR.
Highlights
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases, are considered the leading cause of death globally, contributing to 71% of the total deaths worldwide in 2016 [1]
Adolescents living in the urban area were significantly heavier than their peers in the rural area (p = 0.001) presenting a significantly higher BMI (p < 0.001)
Findings from the present study highlighted the high prevalence of multiple lifestyle behavioral risk factors among Algerian adolescents
Summary
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases, are considered the leading cause of death globally, contributing to 71% of the total deaths worldwide in 2016 [1]. The prevalence of NCDs is increasing steadily in most of the Arab countries, and deaths related to NCDs and constitute 20% in third of the Arab countries, and 76% in Algeria [1,2]. Most of the NCDs patients develop the disease at adulthood, which may lead to early death in some cases [3]. Many lifestyle patterns such as high screening time, physical inactivity, smoking, unhealthy eating patterns, and being overweight or obese play a major role in the development or prevention of these diseases [3]. A study reported that the prevalence of smoking among adolescents is higher in rural than urban areas, while sedentary behavior was more prevalent in urban than rural areas and the prevalence of obesity was 1.2% in urban and 1.4% in rural areas [4].
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