Abstract
A cloud point extraction (CPE) process using non-ionic surfactant (DC193C) to extract selected paraben compounds from water samples was investigated using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The CPE process with the presence of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) functionalized ionic liquid as a modifier (CPE-DC193C-βCD-IL) is a new extraction technique that has been applied on the optimization of parameters, i.e., pH, βCD-IL concentration and phase volume ratio. This CPE-DC193C-βCD-IL method is facilitated at 30 °C, showing great losses of water content in the surfactant-rich phase, resulting in a high pre-concentration factor and high distribution coefficient. The developed method CPE-DC193C-βCD-IL did show enhanced properties compared to the CPE method without the modifier (CPE-DC193C). The developed method of CPE-DC193C-βCD-IL gives an excellent performance on the detection of parabens from water samples with the limit of detection falling in the range of 0.013–0.038 μg mL−1. Finally, the inclusion complex formation, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interaction between the βCD-IL, benzyl paraben (ArP), and DC 193C were proven using 1H NMR and 2D NOESY spectroscopy.
Highlights
Parabens are effective preservatives in many types of formulas
It is found that the cloud point extraction (CPE)-DC193C-βCD-Ionic liquid (IL) method shows that the extraction performance reached a better level at pH 9 for all parabens studied
The CPE-DC193C method shows a constant value of the phase volume ratio when the surfactant concentration is increased. These results show that βCD functionalized IL (βCD-IL) makes clear the phase separation and the surfactant-rich phase and aqueous phase form thereby giving the concentration of the surfactant significant influence over the phase volume ratio of the CPE-DC193C-βCD-IL method
Summary
Parabens are effective preservatives in many types of formulas They can be found in shampoos, commercial moisturizers, shaving gels, personal lubricants, topical pharmaceuticals, spray tanning solutions, make-up and toothpastes. A number of studies were conducted to investigate persistence and partitioning of parabens in water samples. This is because some residues may get into the water after being discharged from industrial effluents or pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products. For the purpose of eliminating or at least minimizing the use of organic solvents, many sample pretreatment methods have been developed. The most common pretreatment methods are supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [5], solid-phase extraction (SPE) [6], solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [6] and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) [7]
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