Closed-loop home energy management system with renewable energy sources in a smart grid: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Nowadays, energy plays a prominent role in all aspects of our life. So far, unclean and non-renewable energy, which has severe economic and environmental impacts, dominant the worldwide energy market. Energy researchers from all over the world are focusing on two approaches: reducing consumption especially for residential loads and diversifying energy sources to include renewables. The constant expansion and competitiveness of renewable energy technologies call for a better approach to grid management. Hence, Home Energy Management System (HEMS) using renewables and integrated into a Smart Grid (SG) scheme provides a solution for monitoring and scheduling appliances' operational activities, which helps reduce consumption and increase energy efficiency. This work mainly aims to provide a comprehensive literature on HEMS in the SG and reviews it as a closed-loop control system. In addition, the architecture of HEMS integrated into a SG is studied, including HEMS functionality, renewable energy sources in a SG, smart energy management system center controller, smart appliances classification, most advanced HEMS monitoring devices used today, sensing, and measuring devices, and HEMS communication and networking system. Demand Side Management (DSM) and Demand Response (DR) programs in HEMS are discussed, with a classification of different DR programs. Several HEMS scheduling methods, including mathematical, metaheuristic, and artificial intelligence optimization techniques, will be reviewed. Some HEMS challenges are also briefly discussed.