Abstract
We explore the suggestion that Witten's field theory of the open bosonic string may contain closed strings without explicit closed string fields. Three issues are resolved: (i) How does one make Witten's theory answer questions about closed string scattering? (ii) Where is the general coordinate invariance which must be associated with a consistent theory of interacting, spin-two particles? (iii) How does one excite non-trivial closed string backgrounds?
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