Abstract

This chapter focuses on the development and application of zero water discharge (ZWD) system, which has become an alternative solution to conventional methods of aquaculture production. With this system, it is expected to answer many issues in aquaculture cultivation, such as environmental damage, disease outbreak, and land-use change, and to create a sustainable aquaculture cultivation system. ZWD system is an improved batch system with an emphasis on microbial manipulation in rearing tank. The principle of microbial selection is based on the role of each microbial component in nutrient cycle in the rearing tank. This chapter contains in detail how methods and stages are performed in order to conduct this system, including design of construction system, cultivation of microbial components, initial conditioning of this system, and microbial manipulation. The performance of the system was tested in crustacean culture such as white shrimp and giant freshwater prawns, and it showed that the system can increase the average survival rate of 10–20%. In addition, the technical and economic feasibility of this system was evaluated to illustrate the production efficiency upon the application of this system in the industry.

Highlights

  • Driven with the increment of human population in the world, trend of total world fishery production has increased from 2009 to 2014 with an average growth rate of about 2.77% per year [1]

  • Indonesia is a country crossed by equator line and ranked as world’s 4th longest coastline, which indicates a high diversity of aquatic organisms, including marine biota [3]

  • White shrimp PL-10 was acclimatized at room temperature (25 Æ 1C), while prawn was acclimatized from PL-40

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Summary

Introduction

Driven with the increment of human population in the world, trend of total world fishery production has increased from 2009 to 2014 with an average growth rate of about 2.77% per year [1]. Trend of white shrimp production has increased significantly with an average growth of 22.46% This increment production was due to ease of cultivation practice, in case of availability of seed, cultivation period, and more resistance to environmental changes. These problems urge an improvement of better aquaculture technology, which can support the culture’s sustainability, with regard to water quality and culture performance, good hygiene, as well as high culture efficiency in terms of space utilization, water sources, and feed. The ZWD system allows limiting or reducing water usage, by implementing microbial consortium with various important roles, such as recycling nitrogen compound in the culture water and cleaning harmful nitrogen substances prior partial or total reuse of the water

ZWD principle
State of the art
Distinctive characteristics in ZWD system compared to other microbial-based systems
Preparation of ZWD system
Design construction and facility
Microbial components
Autotrophic microalgae
Heterotrophic bacteria
Conditioning of ZWD system
Microbial maturation in rearing tank
Acclimatization and stocking shrimp and prawn
Feeding management
Microbial manipulation
Water quality parameter
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Inorganic nitrogen compounds
Microbiological parameter
Growth performance of shrimp or prawn: biological parameters
ZWD performance in shrimp and prawn cultivation
Pilot scale
Industrial scale
Prawn cultivation
ZWD system and additional bamboo shelters
ZWD system and additional textile vertical substrate
Technical feasibility analysis
Economic feasibility analysis
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