Abstract
In order to determine if the TFL1 is related with the continuous flowering phenotype of wild Rosa rugosa from Muping, the full-length cDNA sequence of TFL1 Gene was cloned for the first time from the flower buds of wild Rosa rugosafrom Muping with RT-PCR and RACE methods and named as RrTFL1. The full-length cDNA is 973 bp with an open reading frame of 519 bp, encoding 172 amino acids. The derived protein has a molecular weight of 19.48 kD, a calculated pI of 9.13, a c100227 conserved domain at position 1-172, and belongs to PEBP family. The derived protein is a Hydrophilic protein secreted into the cytoplasmic. There is no transmembrane domain and no signal peptide cleavage site, five Ser phosphorylation sites, seven Thr phosphorylation sites, three Tyr phosphorylation sites, one O-glycosylation site, and no N-glycosylation sites. There are 24.42% α-helixes, 36.63% random coil, 27.91% extended peptide chain, and 11.05% β-corner structure. This protein and the TFL1 protein from Rosaceae plants, including Rosa chinensis, share a sequence homology of 87% - 96%. All of the proteins contain a c100227 conserved domain, two highly conserved modules D-P-D-x-P, G-x-H-R, and two functional sites His, Asp. Furthermore, their phylogenetic relationships are consistent with their traditional classifications. These results not only laid a foundation for further researching the expression and function of RrTFL1, but also cultivating new varieties of R. rugosawhich can flower continuously by gene engineering.
Highlights
Obtaining plants that flower over a long period is the goal of many gardeners, so as to be able to achieve year-round flower production
The cDNA sequence of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) gene was obtained from the flower buds of wild Rosa rugosa from Muping at different developmental stages for the first time, and its biological information was predicted
CEN mutant became short, inflorescence became limited inflorescence in Antirrhinum majus, indicating that TFL1 acts as an inflorescence meristem-specific gene and is capable of maintaining the characteristic of the infinite growth of inflorescence; Arabidopsis thaliana TFL1 deletion mutants showed early flowering and multiflorous character, indicating that the TFL1 gene was an maintenance gene of inflorescence meristem [21] [22]; Excessive expression of the TFL1 gene leads to a flowering delay by prolonging the time of vegetative growth and inflorescence growth in Antirrhinum majus, as well as a delayed flowering transition in Nicotianin tobacco [23]
Summary
Obtaining plants that flower over a long period is the goal of many gardeners, so as to be able to achieve year-round flower production. TFL1 was expressed at high levels at all four flowering stages in non-recurrent flowering species, such as R. multiflora and R. rugosa, whereas it was barely detected at any stage in recurrent flowering species, such as R. chinensis. These results suggest that the recurrent flowering habit in roses results from lower expression of TFL1, which may be related to recurrent flowering character in roses. TFL1 probably demonstrates a new role of modifying flowering seasonality in perennial plants.
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