Abstract
Extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is an increasingly important problem in both human and veterinary medicine. The aims of this study were to describe a comparative molecular characterization of Enterobacteriaceae carrying ESC resistance genes, encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC, isolated from human stool samples, rectal swabs from companion animals, and swabs from the environment of veterinarian hospitals in South Korea, and to examine their possible dissemination and transmission. The ESC resistance genes were identified by PCR and sequencing. Isolates with the predominant ESC resistance genes were assessed for their genetic relatedness by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing. A total of 195 Escherichia coli and 41 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that exhibited ESC resistance were recovered on CHROMagar ESBL from human, companion animal, and the veterinary hospital environmental samples. In companion animals, most of the ESC resistance genes were blaCMY–2–like (26.4%), followed by blaCTX –M–55 (17.2%) and blaCTX–M–14 (16.1%), whereas blaCTX–M–15 (28.6%) was predominant in human samples. The epidemiological relatedness of isolates carrying ESC resistance genes, including 124 E. coli and 23 K. pneumoniae isolates carrying CMY-2-like, DHA-1-like, or/and CTX-M-type, were analyzed by PFGE. The pulsotypes of five E. coli isolates (three from dogs and two from humans) carrying blaCMY–2–like, which were attributed to sequence type 405, from different veterinary clinics showed >85% similarity. Our results indicate direct transmission and dissemination of ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae between humans and companion animals.
Highlights
The concept of “One Health,” which is the integration of human, animal, environmental, and ecosystem health, has recently emerged (Takashima and Day, 2014)
One isolate was positive for SHV-190, and remaining 24 isolates were negative for both known ESBLs and AmpC β-lactamases (AmpCs) by the primers used in this study
There were some cases that both Extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were simultaneously selected from 17 dogs, one cat, and one the environmental sample (Supplementary Table S1)
Summary
The concept of “One Health,” which is the integration of human, animal, environmental, and ecosystem health, has recently emerged (Takashima and Day, 2014). We need to take steps to address the dissemination of AMR through the adoption of a One Health approach, promoting the integration of human and animal health, food safety, and environmental surveillance (Roca et al., 2015; Sikkema and Koopmans, 2016). Enterobacteriaceae carrying extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases (AmpCs) are broadly distributed among extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant bacteria (Kameyama et al, 2013). In both humans and animals, CTX-M-type enzymes are the most common ESBLs, whereas CMY-, and DHA-type enzymes are the most prevalent plasmid-mediated AmpCs (Liebana et al, 2004; Jacoby, 2009; Matsumura et al, 2012). These enzymes are able to inactivate ESCs and are normally encoded on mobile genetic elements, they can be transmitted to the same or different bacteria in humans, animals, foods, or the environment through either directly (transmission of AMR bacteria), or indirectly (transfer of AMR genes) (Haenni et al, 2014; Hong et al, 2016)
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