Clonal populations of effector regulatory T cell increase in human decidua of late pregnancy

Abstract

The laser invention more than fifty years ago was a major scientific revolution. Among the different possible gain media, the Free Electron–Lasers (FEL) uses free electrons in the period permanent magnetic field of an undulator, covering wavelengths from far infrared to X-ray, with easy tuneability and high peak power. Nowadays, the advent of tuneable intense (mJ level) short pulse FELs with record peak power (GW level) in the X-ray domain sets a major step in laser development, and enables to explore new scientific areas, such as deciphering molecular reactions in real time, understanding functions of proteins. Besides, lasers have also been considered for driving plasma electron acceleration. A high-power femtosecond laser is focused into a gas target and resonantly drives a nonlinear plasma wave in which plasma electrons are trapped and accelerated with high energy gain of GeV/m. Nowadays, laser wakefield acceleration became reality and electron beams with multi-GeV energies, hundreds of pC charge, sub-percent energy spread and sub-milliradian divergence can be produced. It is relevant to consider a FEL application to quality these laser plasma produced electrons. After having described the FEL panorama, the strategies towards laser plasma based acceleration based FELs will be discussed, including the mitigation of the large energy spread and divergence of these beams should be mitigated.