Abstract
ObjectiveThe goals of this research was (1) to analyze the role of emotional eating behavior on weight-loss progression during a 30-week weight-loss program in 1,272 individuals from a large Mediterranean population and (2) to test for interaction between CLOCK 3111 T/C SNP and emotional eating behavior on the effectiveness of the weight-loss program.Design and MethodsA total of 1,272 overweight and obese participants (BMI: 31±5 kg/m2), aged 20 to 65 years, attending outpatient weight-loss clinics were recruited for this analysis. Emotional eating behavior was assessed by the Emotional Eating Questionnaire (EEQ), a questionnaire validated for overweight and obese Spanish subjects. Anthropometric measures, dietary intake and weight-loss progression were assessed and analyzed throughout the 30-week program. Multivariate analysis and linear regression models were performed to test for gene-environment interaction.ResultsWeight-loss progression during the 30-week program differed significantly according to the degree of emotional eating behavior. Participants classified as ‘very emotional eaters’ experienced more irregular (P = 0.007) weight-loss, with a lower rate of weight decline (−0.002 vs. −0.003, P<0.05) in comparison with less emotional eaters. The percentage of weight-loss was also significantly higher in ‘non-emotional eaters’ (P = 0.009). Additionally, we identified a significant gene-environment interaction associated with weight-loss at the CLOCK 3111 T/C locus (P = 0.017). By dichotomizing the emotional eating behavior score, linear regression analysis indicated that minor C allele carriers with a high emotional score (> = 11), lost significantly less weight than those C carriers with a low emotional score (<11) (P = 0.005).ConclusionsEmotional eating behavior associates with weight-loss pattern, progression and total weight-loss. Additionally, CLOCK 3111 T/C SNP interacts with emotional eating behavior to modulate total weight loss. These results suggest that the assessment of this locus and emotional eating behavior could improve the development of effective, long-tern weight-management interventions.
Highlights
Lifestyle interventions addressing cognitive behavior and including both dietary and physical activity components are the most effective for the treatment of overweight and obesity [1,2,3]
CLOCK 3111 T/C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interacts with emotional eating behavior to modulate total weight loss. These results suggest that the assessment of this locus and emotional eating behavior could improve the development of effective, long-tern weightmanagement interventions
When we examined the relationship between CLOCK 3111 T/C genotype and emotional eating, no significant differences were found in the frequency of the minor C allele between ‘emotional eaters’ and ‘non-emotional eaters’
Summary
Lifestyle interventions addressing cognitive behavior and including both dietary and physical activity components are the most effective for the treatment of overweight and obesity [1,2,3] These interventions achieve short-term weight-loss averaging between 5 to 10 percent, in addition to significant improvements in various health parameters such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels and glycemic control [4,5,6]. Emotional eaters lose less weight following a weight-loss intervention or program [9] To complement these results, additional studies are required to assess the role of emotional eating behavior on weightloss progression and patterns [9,11,12,22]
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