Abstract
Clitoria ternatea (commonly known as blue pea) flower petal extract (CTE) is used as a natural colorant in a variety of foods and beverages. The objective of study was to determine the inhibitory effect of CTE on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The phytochemical profiles of CTE were analyzed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Anti-adipogenesis effect of CTE was measured by using Oil Red O staining, intracellular triglyceride assay, quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cell cycle studies were performed by flow cytometry. Lipolysis experiments were performed using a colorimetric assay kit. In early stages, CTE demonstrated anti-adipogenic effects through inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle retardation by suppressing expression of phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. The results also showed that CTE inhibited the late stage of differentiation through diminishing expression of adipogenic transcription factors including PPARγ and C/EBPα. The inhibitory action was subsequently attenuated in downregulation of fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, causing the reduction of TG accumulation. In addition, CTE also enhanced catecholamine-induced lipolysis in adipocytes. These results suggest that CTE effectively attenuates adipogenesis by controlling cell cycle progression and downregulating adipogenic gene expression.
Highlights
Obesity is one of leading factors in the metabolic syndrome caused by an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure [1,2]
The relative values of PPARγ (B), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) (C), Fatty acid synthase (FAS) (D), Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) (E) to GAPDH are shown in % of control
It has been demonstrated that the inhibition of adipogenesis involves the reduction in both number
Summary
Obesity is one of leading factors in the metabolic syndrome caused by an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure [1,2]. Adipogenesis is generally described as a two-step process including cell proliferation and differentiation, resulting in an increase of the number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy) of adipocytes. Mature adipocytes expand in size through the increased storage of triglycerides [10] These can be hydrolyzed by hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) under deprivation status for energy homeostasis in response to catecholamines and insulin [12]. Apart from the Akt pathway, the ERK signaling pathway contributes to the commitment effect in adipogenesis by initiating the proliferative step and increasing differentiation in adipocytes [13,14]. (family: Fabaceae) or butterfly pea is widely distributed in tropical countries, South and Central America This plant has been used for centuries in foods and medicines. The objective of current study was to elucidate the inhibitory effect of CTE and its underlying cellular mechanisms on adipogenesis and lipid accumulation by using 3T3-L1 cells
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