Clinically Diagnosed Occult Macular Dystrophy Habouring an m.14502T>C Mitochondrial DNA Mutation Associated with Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

ABSTRACT A 29-year-old female with no family history presented with bilateral progressive blurred vision. Her symptoms appeared at 12-years-old and her visual acuity had since deteriorated from 0.6 to 0.2 bilaterally with decreased critical flicker frequency and bilateral central scotomas. She did not have a relative afferent pupillary defect. Fundoscopy revealed no distinct disc hyperaemia, atrophy, or peripapillary telangiectatic vessels. The retinal nerve fibre layer appeared normal on optical coherence tomography in each eye; however, loss of the interdigitation zone and the disruption of the ellipsoid zone at the fovea were observed in both eyes. Multifocal electroretinography revealed decreased amplitudes at both macula regions. Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid analysis identified an m.14502T>C mutation, one of the primary mutations causing Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Despite the presence of a marked LHON mutation, however, she was clinically diagnosed as having an occult macular dystrophy. There have only been five previous case reports, all of which were sporadic, which detail the clinical characteristics of the m.14502T>C mutation. The m.14502T>C phenotype is somewhat consistent with that of the other major mutations, including young onset, bilateral progressive visual impairment, and a typical LHON fundus. Nevertheless, m.14502T>C alone has an extremely low penetrance and its phenotype may be minimal or subclinical, as seen in our case. Since little is known about the clinical course of the m.14502T>C mutation it may be possible that the LHON phenotype may appear in later stages of life. Moreover, m.14502T>C may function as a modifier gene, which alters the phenotype of other coexisting major LHON mutations, including penetrance and the severity of the disease, through synergistic effects.