Abstract
The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate possible associations between clinically classified periodontitis as determined by assessing its severity and diagnosed coronary heart disease in outpatients referred to a specialist clinic for neurosurgery treatment. A total of 2,912 individuals were clinically examined for periodontal disease experience by using probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Socioeconomic, oral health behaviour, and general health related information was collected by using a self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis of the questionnaire items was performed by using multivariate logistic regression analysis model. The results showed that the occurrence of hypertension (OR=2.42, 95% CI = 1.52–3.84), smoking (OR=1.97, 95% CI = 1.25–3.11), classified periodontitis (OR=1.79, 95% CI = 1.15–2.77), and the high level of serum C-reactive protein (OR=1.74, 95% CI = 1.05–2.89) were significantly associated with the presence of coronary heart disease. These observations strengthen the role of some of the traditional causative risk factors for coronary heart disease while a significant association was recorded between diagnosed coronary heart disease and clinically classified periodontitis which is considered as a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and in particular coronary heart disease (CHD) represent a severe health condition and the main cause of mortality nowadays in industrialized societies
The results showed that gender, educational level, smoking, teeth brushing frequency, diagnosed CHD, serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein (C-RP) were significantly associated with clinically classified periodontitis according to the bivariate analysis (Table 1)
The current study confirmed that some of the traditional risk factors such as hypertension, high levels of serum Creactive protein (C-RP), smoking, and clinically classified periodontitis (CCP), which is considered as a nontraditional risk factor, were associated with the presence of CHD
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and in particular coronary heart disease (CHD) represent a severe health condition and the main cause of mortality nowadays in industrialized societies. CHD is a multifactorial pathological condition and occurs as a result of genetic, environmental, and behavioral risk factors [1] while chronic inflammation has been implicated etiologically in CVD and CHD [2]. The environmental and behavioral risk factors include diet, physical inactivity, stress, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, chronic infections, use of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, and possible endothelial cell injury [4,5,6,7]. Previous studies have linked several risk factors to periodontitis including diabetes mellitus, smoking, age, gender, low socioeconomic status [10], dyslipidemias, and excessive alcohol consumption [9, 11], whereas the genetic basis of chronic periodontitis has been suggested by other investigations [12, 13]. Periodontitis was associated with elevations of several markers of chronic inflammation [14], and because of evidence implicating chronic inflammation in the etiology of CHD, an etiologic relationship between periodontitis and CHD has been hypothesized [15]
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