Abstract
AbstractMetal‐organic framework nanoparticles (MOF NPs) are a promising class of NP systems that offer versatile and tunable properties. Creating a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐MOF NP platform as a basis for a theranostic drug delivery system is considered an auspicious approach, as MRI is a routinely used clinical method allowing real‐time imaging. So far clinically approved MRI contrast agents (CAs) have not been investigated systematically for the visualization of loading and release from MOF NPs. Here, loading and release of six clinically approved CAs from the MOF MIL‐100(Fe) are investigated in a clinical MRI setting. Standard procedures, beginning with sample preparation up to MRI methods, are established for that purpose. Results are reproduced and verified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP‐AES) and thiocyanate testing. The macrocyclic CA gadoterate meglumine is identified as the best CA candidate for labeling MIL‐100(Fe). The CA is successfully loaded after 1 h, and also effectively released within the first hour. The MR‐active CA and iron residuals in supernatants are differentiable based on MRI only and concentrations can be successfully calculated. The presented systematic approach suggests procedures and MRI‐methodology that can be used as blueprint strategy when labeling porous NPs with clinically approved MRI CAs.
Highlights
NP systems that offer versatile and tunable properties
Several clinically approved contrast agents (CAs) candidates are potentially suitable for loading into MIL-100(Fe) NPs (MIL)-100(Fe)
The separation of the two contributions is impeded because all these processes can affect the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal in a similar way by changing the relaxation times T1 and T2 of the water protons
Summary
NP systems that offer versatile and tunable properties. Creating a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-MOF NP platform as a basis for a theranostic drug delivery system is considered an auspicious approach, as MRI is a routinely. Since porous hybrid NPs provide ideal scaffolds for the combination of different functional units, they are considered as promising nanocarrier systems in the field of nanomedicine.[1,7] In this respect, metal-organic framework (MOF) NPs are one of the most promising nanocarrier systems that offer versatile and tunable properties.[8] Due to their hybrid nature and high porosity, MOF NPs are considered as ideal host systems for the controlled delivery of active molecules and/or as a platform for medical imaging While their limited apertures inhibit the loading of large molecules or proteins, MOF NPs have been shown to be efficient nanocarriers using different pharmaceutical agents.[9] In addition, MOFs are biodegradable and they can be constructed from biocompatible building blocks implying a low toxicology.[8,10] For the study presented here, MIL-100(Fe) NPs (MIL: Materials of Institute Lavoisier) were chosen as a model system because they are considered the most suitable MOF nanocarrier systems for clinical purposes.[8,9,10,11]. By choosing one of the most studied and promising MOF drug delivery systems, MIL-100(Fe), the door is being opened to use these NPs as a future theranostic nanocarrier system as well as adding a new concept for labeling MOF drug delivery systems
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