Abstract
Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c/A1C) is a part of haemoglobin (Hb) that binds to glucose through non-enzymatic reactions. In general, HbA1c is used as a parameter for diagnosis, target therapy and monitoring or prediction of long-term complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) outcome. However, HbA1c can also be used to predict the incidence of DM and vascular outcomes in those without DM. HbA1c above 6.5% is used as the limit for diagnosing DM, and in general, HbA1c < 7.0% is used as the target limit of therapy in adult DM patients. As a parameter for the diagnosis of DM and long-term monitoring, HbA1c has limitations and advantages over blood glucose testing, because HbA1c is strongly influenced by several conditions that affect the life span of erythrocytes where Hb will remain throughout the life of the cell. Likewise, HbA1c cannot assess the variability of blood glucose levels short-termly and cannot determine the presence of hypoglycaemia. With all its limitations, now HbA1c has been established as a parameter to diagnose DM and the most reliable parameter in predicting the incidence of chronic complications from DM.
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