Abstract
Simple SummaryLymphoma is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms including over 70 different subtypes. Its biological characteristic of deriving from lymphoid tissues makes it ideal for immunotherapy. In this paper, we provide insights into lymphoma-specific clinical trials based on cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy. We also reviewed pre-clinical lymphoma models where CIK cells have been used along with other synergetic tumor-targeting immune modules to improve their therapeutic potential. From a broader perspective, we will highlight that CIK cell therapy has potential, and in this rapidly evolving landscape of cancer therapies its optimization (as a personalized therapeutic approach) will be beneficial in lymphomas.Cancer is a complex disease where resistance to therapies and relapses often pose a serious clinical challenge. The scenario is even more complicated when the cancer type itself is heterogeneous in nature, e.g., lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphocytes which constitutes more than 70 different subtypes. Indeed, the treatment options continue to expand in lymphomas. Herein, we provide insights into lymphoma-specific clinical trials based on cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy and other pre-clinical lymphoma models where CIK cells have been used along with other synergetic tumor-targeting immune modules to improve their therapeutic potential. From a broader perspective, we will highlight that CIK cell therapy has potential, and in this rapidly evolving landscape of cancer therapies its optimization (as a personalized therapeutic approach) will be beneficial in lymphomas.
Highlights
Introduction iationsContrary to solid cancers, hematologic malignancies have some unique characteristics and often require different treatments
To pronounce the safety of these cells in allogeneic settings, Introna et al (2007) performed a phase I study of allogeneic cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells in eleven patients relapsing after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) [38]
The authors demonstrated that CIK cells conjugated with rituximab exhibited increased cytotoxic activity against CD20+ lymphoma cell lines and suggested that without any genetic modification, CIK cells can6 be rapidly of 14 equipped with monoclonal antibodies to target tumor cells
Summary
Lymphomas exhibit heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment, which reflects in differential response to the therapy. The use of the immune system to treat lymphoma has offered an attractive alternative and continues to be an opportunity for improvement in treatment, e.g., through antibody therapy (alone or in combination with chemotherapy as chemo-immunotherapy), checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) and Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) [4]. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies have shown promising responses, in patients with relapsed and refractory. It is important to mention the bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody blinatumomab (CD3-CD19) in relapsed/refractory diffuse large. CAR T-cell therapy is being actively investigated in all hematologic malignancies and is showing promising results in Hodgkin lymphoma [13] and follicular lymphoma [14]. Brentuximab vedotin (BV), an antibody-drug conjugate directed against the CD30 antigen, has shown encouraging results in patients with relapsed classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL) and relapsed anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) [17]
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