Abstract
Humans can recognise five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Sour and salty substances are linked to ion channels, while sweet, bitter and umami flavours are transmitted through receptors linked to the G protein (G protein-coupled receptors; GPCRs). There are two main types of GPCRs that transmit information about sweet, umami and bitter tastes—the Tas1r and TAS2R families. There are about 25 functional TAS2R genes coding bitter taste receptor proteins. They are found not only in the mouth and throat, but also in the intestines, brain, bladder and lower and upper respiratory tract. The determination of their purpose in these locations has become an inspiration for much research. Their presence has also been confirmed in breast cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells and neuroblastoma, revealing a promising new oncological marker. Polymorphisms of TAS2R38 have been proven to have an influence on the course of chronic rhinosinusitis and upper airway defensive mechanisms. TAS2R receptors mediate the bronchodilatory effect in human airway smooth muscle, which may lead to the creation of another medicine group used in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The discovery that functionally compromised TAS2R receptors negatively impact glucose homeostasis has produced a new area of diabetes research. In this article, we would like to focus on what facts have been already established in the matter of extraoral TAS2R receptors in humans.
Highlights
Humans can recognise five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami, which is the taste of glutamate acid, described as the taste of “broth” or “meat”
TAS2R38 is expressed by the human colonic mucosa, where it is localised to distinct types of enteroendocrine cells (EEC), including cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) cells
It was shown that TAS2R38 is expressed by the human colonic mucosa, where it is localised to distinct types of enteroendocrine cells (EEC), including cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) cells [31]
Summary
Humans can recognise five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami, which is the taste of glutamate acid, described as the taste of “broth” or “meat”. The molecular sensors for all five taste groups act through second messenger systems to initiate neural signalling. These second messenger systems include phospholipase C-, cyclic AMP- and IP3-responsive mechanisms. NCI-H716 and HuTu-80 express transcripts that encode the GI. NCI-H716 and HuTu-80 express transcripts that encode the GI peptides PYY and GIP and the precursor for glucagon/GLP-1, and its secretion may be via TAS2R receptors. The expression of most bitter taste receptors was higher in children with severe asthma compared to the healthy controls, and these differences reached statistical significance for TAS2R13, TAS2R14 and TAS2R19. The expression of all bitter taste receptors was significantly greatest in the lymphocyte population compared to monocytes. Human bone marrow expresses the TAS2R46 receptor, and it is functional.
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