Abstract
Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites have received increasing attention because several of these organic substances are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Exposure to PAHs is associated with many harmful health effects; however, we are not aware of any study that has explored the exposure to PAHs and urinary conditions in the general population. The present work aimed to investigate the correlation among PAH and urine flow rate (UFR). Method: Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2012 were used in our study. A total of 4172 participants and a total of nine PAH metabolites were examined. The UFR was measured as the amount of urine excreted in a period of time (mL/h). Several covariates were adjusted in linear regression models. Result: After adjusting for variables, the PAH metabolites in urine showed a significant correlation with UFR. Dose-dependent associations between PAH metabolites in the urine and UFR were also found. Higher quartiles of PAH metabolites in urine exhibited higher regression coefficients. Conclusion: Our study highlighted that PAH metabolites in urine had a strong association with decreased UFR in the US adult population. These findings support the possibility that PAH exposure is related to bladder dysfunction. Further prospective studies are warranted.
Highlights
By the time the Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) are absorbed into the body, they are mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, and 3A4) to hydrosoluble metabolites and excreted in urine [32]
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) examinations began to collect urine flow rate (UFR) data in 2009, which entailed collecting urine sample from participants in the Mobile Examination Center (MEC), leading to the evaluation of the total amount of substances excreted in a 24-h period [35]
Our study highlighted that PAH metabolites in urine had a strong association with decreased UFR in the US adult population
Summary
Over the last few years, PAHs have received increasing awareness due to several of these organic substances being highly carcinogenic or mutagenic [3,4]. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) causes a DNA adduct, which has been associated with lung cancer [5]. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites have received increasing attention because several of these organic substances are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Exposure to PAHs is associated with many harmful health effects; we are not aware of any study that has explored the exposure to PAHs and urinary conditions in the general population. The present work aimed to investigate the correlation among PAH and urine flow rate (UFR). Result: After adjusting for variables, the PAH metabolites in urine showed a significant correlation with UFR.
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