Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative helical, microaerophilic bacterium which colonizes the antrum and body of the stomach, surviving in its harsh environment through mechanisms of acid resistance and colonization factors. It infects approximately 50% of the world population. Although the prevalence of this infection varies from country to country, as well as between different ethnic, social or age groups, it is estimated that about 50% of the human population only carries this microorganism. While H. pylori has been found to play a major etiological and pathogenic role in chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, its importance for many types of extra-gastric disease needs to be further investigated. The choice of tests to diagnose H. pylori infection, defined as invasive or non-invasive, depends on the clinical indication as to whether to perform upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Focusing on bacterial eradication, the treatment should be decided locally based on the use of antibiotics and documented antibiotic resistance. The author provides an overview of the current state of knowledge about the clinical aspects of H. pylori infection, especially its diagnostic and therapeutic management.
Highlights
The identification of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) by researchers Warren and Marshall in 1982 revolutionized the concept of gastric inhospitality and the consideration of peptic ulcer as a noninfectious disease
A patient who has an endoscopy without a pathology is defined as having functional dyspepsia and H. pylori therapy must be offered in case of infection [13]
The findings suggest a possible link between H. pylori infection and the risk of myocardial infarction [37,38]
Summary
The identification of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) by researchers Warren and Marshall in 1982 revolutionized the concept of gastric inhospitality and the consideration of peptic ulcer as a noninfectious disease. H. pylori is a major etiological and pathogenic factor for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer (PUD) and gastric cancer [3]. OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) and OLGIM (Operative Link for Gastritis Intestinal Metaplasia) assessments reported by pathologists are used by clinicians to differentiate patients with chronic gastritis for special monitoring [6]. Those who have chronic gastritis without H. pylori infection should be considered to have a disease caused by a previous H. pylori infection [7]. VacA s1 could serve as the only best marker for the virulence of H. pylori [10]
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