Clinical presentation and diagnosis of pediatric urinary tract infections: A comprehensive study

Abstract

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose a significant health concern for children worldwide, with a prevalence ranging from 2% to 20%. If not promptly diagnosed and treated, these infections can lead to severe complications such as renal scarring, hypertension, and chronic renal failure. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and common bacterial pathogens associated with pediatric UTIs. The focus is on identifying age-specific symptoms and improving diagnostic accuracy to mitigate long-term complications. Materials and Methods: Over 1 year, we conducted a cross-sectional study at MES Medical College in Perinthalmanna, Kerala. Fifty-four children with culture-positive UTIs were included. Clinical data were collected using a semi-structured pro forma, and laboratory tests were performed to identify the causative organisms and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Results: Among neonates, fever (100%), jaundice (100%), and vomiting (83.3%) were the most common symptoms. Older children predominantly presented with fever (93.3%), pain or burning during urination (79.63%), and lethargy (53.7%). Escherichia coli was the most frequently identified pathogen, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. High sensitivity was noted for piperacillin-tazobactam (100%) and amikacin (88.89%). Conclusion: Early and precise diagnosis of pediatric UTIs, based on specific clinical presentations and laboratory tests, is crucial for preventing severe complications. Recognizing common pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivities helps in developing effective treatment guidelines.