Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major public health disease which is increased in incidence and prevalence throughout the whole world. Insulin resistance (IR) in peripheral tissues and insufficient pancreatic β-cell mass and function have been recognized as primary mechanisms in the pathogenesis of T2D, while recently, systemic chronic inflammation resulting from obesity and a sedentary lifestyle has also gained considerable attention in T2D progression. Nowadays, accumulating evidence has revealed extracellular vesicles (EVs) as critical mediators promoting the pathogenesis of T2D. They can also be used in the diagnosis and treatment of T2D and its complications. In this review, we briefly introduce the basic concepts of EVs and their potential roles in the pathogenesis of T2D. Then, we discuss their diagnostic and therapeutic potentials in T2D and its complications, hoping to open new prospects for the management of T2D.
Highlights
In 2019, there were approximately 463 million adults with diabetes worldwide, among whom 90%– 95% had type 2 diabetes (T2D) [1]
We summarized the important roles of Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) through regulating inflammation, influencing insulin signaling or directly modulating b cell mass
It remains unclear how EV biogenesis pathways are implicated in T2D individuals, which influence the release of EVs and their contents
Summary
In 2019, there were approximately 463 million adults with diabetes worldwide, among whom 90%– 95% had type 2 diabetes (T2D) [1]. T2D is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance (IR) and insufficient pancreatic b-cell mass and function [2,3,4]. These disorders disrupt systemic metabolic homeostasis, placing an enormous burden on diabetic patients and the healthcare system. Low grade chronic inflammation has been gradually recognized as a universal mechanism in the pathogenesis of T2D [10] Thanks to their ability to carry pro-inflammatory molecules, EVs can act on. Role of EVs in T2D different tissues to induce systemic inflammation Considering their important functions, increasing attentions have focused on EVs as attractive diagnostic and therapeutic tools for T2D and its complications (Figure 1). We summarized the current advances concerning the roles of EVs in T2D and discuss their prospects to be used in the management of T2D and its complications
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